Tag: roman-empire

  • Bulla Regia: Your guide to Tunisia’s Roman ruins surrounded by greenery

    Bulla Regia: Your guide to Tunisia’s Roman ruins surrounded by greenery


    If you’re planning a trip to explore Tunisia’s historic sites, especially its Roman-era wonders, make sure you add Bulla Regia to your list.

    This ancient city in northwest Tunisia just outside of the city of Jendouba offers some of the best-preserved Roman ruins outside Italy, which gives you just a sense of the vast reach of the Roman Empire in North Africa. It joins other Roman ruins in Tunisia, including but not limited to El Jem, Dougga, Sbeitla, Haidra, Utica and more.

    This guide will show you how to visit Bulla Regia in 2025.

    Why is the town called Bulla Regia?

    The word Bulla is believed to come from either Berber or Latin roots, possibly meaning “citadel” or “fortified town.” The term Regia is Latin for “royal.” Put together, Bulla Regia likely means “Royal Bulla” or “The Royal City of Bulla,” which is fitting, as you will continue learning more about below.

    What is special about Bulla Regia?

    The first thing you’ll notice in Bulla Regia is that it is surrounded by green. So much green.

    Bulla Regia’s residents grew wealthy mainly because this area thrived as an agricultural hub during Roman times. The region around Jendouba offered green, fertile land compared to other parts of North Africa.

    Bulla Regia’s land produced large quantities of grain and olive oil, which were highly valuable commodities across the empire. These goods were often exported to feed Rome and other cities, which created prosperity for local landowners and merchants. Beyond farming, Roman roads and trade routes linked the region to Europe and the Mediterranean, which expanded access to wealth and driving development.

    Who lived in the land prior to the Romans?

    Prior to the Romans, Bulla Regia was a Numidian city. Numidia was an ancient Berber/Amazigh kingdom that covered much of what is now Algeria and northwest Tunisia. The Numidians were skilled horsemen and warriors, and they had established urban centers with their own culture, social structures, and traditions. When Rome expanded into North Africa during the Punic Wars (starting in the 3rd century BCE), they gradually absorbed Numidian territories.

    Unfortunately, few traces of Numidian influence remain visible today. Most of what you see in Bulla Regia comes from the Roman era.

    Ruins of ancient columns set against a blue sky and mountainous backdrop at Bulla Regia.
    What should I see when I visit Bulla Regia?

    Bulla Regia offers a sprawling (and I mean truly sprawling) site with plenty to explore.

    The underground homes here stand out for their unique design that suited the wealthy Romans living in a place far from the Mediterranean coast. Summers in this part of Tunisia can get brutally hot, so Roman residents designed their homes with two levels. They used the ground floor during cooler seasons and for entertaining guests, while the family lived underground in day-to-day life. These lower rooms wrapped around an open-air courtyard that brought in sunlight and fresh air.

    Keep this in mind when you visit, because you can actually walk downstairs into the ancient homes!

    Beyond the houses, you’ll find the remains of Bulla Regia’s public buildings. Similar to many Roman-era cities, Bulla Regia has familiar structures: an amphitheatre, a central forum, and a set of public baths.

    The Bulla Regia Museum displays artifacts from the site, adding additional valuable context. Still, I much preferred exploring the actual ruins. Seeing the ruins and the museum all together will let you imagine daily life in Bulla Regia when the city was at its prime.

    How to Visit Bulla Regia in 2025

    Ready to plan your trip to Bulla Regia? Below are some practical travel tips:

    • Location: Bulla Regia is in northwest Tunisia, a short drive from the city of Jendouba. You can easily visit it on a day trip from Tunis or combine it with a visit to the nearby ruins of Dougga.
    • How to Get There: The easiest way to get to Bulla Regia is with a private car, a taxi from Jendouba, or as part of a tour. Local platforms such as WildyNess work directly with regional experts who can offer historical context, and they also help arrange transport. Booking through WildyNess also helps sustain the local economy.
    • Tickets and Hours: As of writing this, the entrance fee is 8 TND (approximately €2.50). Check the exact opening and closing times when you’re visiting, as they can sometimes change.

    Interested in visiting Bulla Regia?

    Reach out to me! I am happy to help create your dream Tunisia trip itinerary for you. Just comment below or send a note via “Contact Me.”


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  • Haidra: A guide to Tunisia’s abandoned Roman city with a Byzantine fort

    Haidra: A guide to Tunisia’s abandoned Roman city with a Byzantine fort


    Travelers who want to seriously get off the beaten path in Tunisia should head to the archaeological Roman city of Haidra. Located in western Tunisia near the Algerian border, Haidra is the modern name for the ancient city of Ammaedara, one of the very first Roman cities in all of Africa.

    This guide breaks down everything you need to know when you visit Haidra today.

    Ruins of an ancient stone structure with columns and walls, partially overgrown with grass and stones.
    Why is the city called Haidra?

    First, let’s clear up a potential mix-up you may have: Haidra has nothing to do with Hydra, the multi-headed serpent creature from Greek mythology slain by Hercules. (For every head Hercules cut off, two more grew back — a metaphor for the multiplying problems of life…)

    The name Haidra is a modern adaptation that likely evolved from Ammaedara, the Roman name for this settlement. While the exact meaning of Ammaedara is still debated, many historians agree it was a Romanized version of a Numidian (Berber) name that was hard to transliterate. They aren’t entirely sure when or how Ammaedara morphed into Haidra, but like many places across North Africa, names were Arabized or simplified over centuries. 

    Some people think the name Haidra might come from the Arabic root ḥ-ḍ-r, which can be connected to the word hadra, meaning “presence” or “settlement.” Others think it could be related to the word ḥaḍra, meaning something like “green place” or “civilized area.”

    View of the ancient archaeological Roman site of Ammaedara in Haidra, Tunisia
    Why did the Romans come to Haidra?

    The Romans came to Haidra for one reason: military control. In the 1st century B.C., they founded Ammaedara as their original military headquarters in North Africa. From this strategic location, Roman legions could monitor tribal movements and dominate the main road networks across the region.

    When the legion later relocated, Rome handed the site over to retired soldiers. These veterans transformed the old military base into a full-fledged Roman city with temples, baths, and civic structures. Then, over time, the city evolved again, this time into a major Byzantine fortress.

    Its past as a Roman garrison, a veteran settlement, and a Byzantine stronghold makes Haidra one of the most compelling ancient sites in Tunisia!

    A large, imposing stone wall of the Byzantine fortress at Ammaedara, Haïdra, Tunisia
    What to See at Haidra: Forts, Tombs, and Churches

    The ruins of Haidra are vast and not fully excavated, giving a sense that you yourself are some sort of archaeologist.

    A large, fallen marble column with striped patterns lies in the foreground of extensive Roman ruins at Ammaedara in Haïdra, Tunisia

    There is very little signage. A small on-site museum helps provide some context for the ruins and also showcases some beautiful mosaics, but you’re mostly on your own.

    This lack of modern tourism is part of Haidra’s unique charm, in many ways. It’s a very different feel from more popular sights such as Bulla Regia and Dougga. It feels extremely abandoned.

    A set of railroad tracks extending into the distance across a barren landscape with scattered buildings in Haïdra, Tunisia

    One thing you’ll notice amongst the ruins is huge remains of a Byzantine Fortress dominating the site. Emperor Justinian ordered its construction in the 6th century, and today, it stands as one of the largest and best-preserved Byzantine forts in all of North Africa.

    Side view of a large, curved stone wall, part of the Byzantine fortress at Ammaedara in Haïdra, Tunisia, with rocky terrain

    You’ll also walk beneath the Arch of Septimius Severus, built in 195 A.D., which once marked the formal gateway into the Roman city (and no, this Severus isn’t the Potions Master at Hogwarts…)

    Haidra also has several tower-like mausoleums/tombs that stand in excellent condition. These were the elaborate burial places for the city’s wealthy Roman families.

    As a major Christian center after the Roman period, Haidra also has remains of several churches. The most interesting is the Basilica of Melleus, where you can see tombs of Vandal and Byzantine-era bishops set into the floor.

    Roman ruins of a church in the site of Ammaedara in Haïdra, Tunisia

    The entire structure functions as a vast open-air museum. One fun thing we did when exploring was use generative AI to try translating some of the ancient Latin inscriptions on the stones! And it worked!

    2025 Travel Guide: Know before you go to Haidra

    Visiting Haidra is far from the main tourist hubs.

    Location: Haidra is in the Kasserine Governorate of western Tunisia, very close to the border with Algeria, which borders right down the road.

    Road sign in Arabic and French pointing to 'Algerian Border,' 'El Ajrad,' and 'Centre Ville,' with ancient ruins and a cloudy sky in the background at Haïdra, Tunisia

    How to Get There: To visit Haidra, it’s advised that you hire a private car and driver or join a specialized historical tour, as public transport isn’t a realistic option for tourists. Consider booking through a trusted platform such as WildyNess, which connects travelers with experienced local guides. You’ll support sustainable tourism and directly contribute to the local economy, while gaining deeper context about Haidra!

    Travel note: While American and Canadian travel advisories recommend avoiding areas near the Algerian border, the reality on the ground is more stable than those notices suggest. That said, Haidra is remote, and traveling with a local guide is recommended for both logistics and peace of mind.


    Interested in visiting Haidra?

    Reach out to me! I am happy to help create your dream Tunisia trip itinerary for you. Just comment below or send a note via “Contact Me.”


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